衢州市市区城市房屋拆迁管理办法
浙江省衢州市人民政府
衢州市市区城市房屋拆迁管理办法
《衢州市市区城市房屋拆迁管理办法》已经2002年2月8日市人民政府第16次常务会议审议通过，现予公布，自公布之日起施行。
市 长：
二○○二年三月五日
衢州市市区城市房屋拆迁管理办法
第一章 总 则
第一条 为加强城市房屋拆迁管理，保护拆迁当事人的合法权益，保障建设项目顺利进行，根据国务院《城市房屋拆迁管理条例》、《浙江省城市房屋拆迁管理条例》等有关法律、法规的规定，结合本市实际，制定本办法。
第二条 在衢州市城市规划区内的国有土地上实施房屋拆迁，并需要对被拆迁人补偿、安置的，适用本办法。
第三条 城市房屋拆迁必须符合城市规划，有利于城市旧区改造和生态环境改善，有利于国家历史文化名城和文物古迹保护。
第四条 本办法所称拆迁人是指依法取得房屋拆迁许可证的单位。
本办法所称被拆迁人是指被拆迁房屋的所有人。
本办法所称房屋承租人是指与被拆迁人具有合法的房屋租赁关系的单位和个人。
第五条 衢州市建设局是负责管理房屋拆迁工作的行政主管部门（以下简称房屋拆迁管理部门），对城市规划区内的城市房屋拆迁工作实施监督管理。城市房屋拆迁管理的日常工作由其下属的拆迁管理办公室具体办理。
市计划、规划、国土资源、物价、工商、财税、文物、公安等有关部门和区、乡（镇）人民政府（街道办事处）应当按照各自职责，互相配合，共同做好城市房屋拆迁管理工作。
第六条 拆迁人必须依照有关法律法规及本办法的规定，对被拆迁 人给予合理补偿、安置。被拆迁人、被拆迁房屋承租人必须服从城市建设需要，在规定的搬迁期限内完成搬迁。
第二章 拆迁管理
第七条 城市房屋拆迁应按计划执行。城市房屋拆迁的中长期计划和年度计划 由市建设、规划、计划、国土资源、文物等部门按照城市总体规划的要求，根据当地社会经 济发展水平和需要，同时考虑房地产市场的供需状况和国家历史文化名城保护等因素制定， 报市人民政府批准后执行，并按规定报送备案。
房屋拆迁管理部门在执行年度拆迁计划时，其拆迁范围经规划部门确定后，应当组织做好拆 迁房屋的前期调查统计及审核工作。
第八条 拆迁房屋的单位取得房屋拆迁许可证后，方可实施拆迁。申请房屋拆迁许可证，应当向房屋拆迁管理部门提交下列文件：
（一）建设项目批准文件；
（二）建设用地规划许可证；
（三）国有土地使用权批准文件；
（四）拆迁计划和拆迁方案；
（五）办理存款业务的金融机构出具的拆迁补偿安置资金证明。
前款第（四）项规定的拆迁方案应当对临时周转用房和用于产权调换的安置用房的数量 、户型、面积、地点、交付时间等作出安排。第（五）项规定的拆迁补偿安置资金按照拆迁 预算的百分之八十确认，专户储存，拆迁人提供安置用房的，现房以市场评估价计入，在建 房屋按成本价计入，但货币存款金额不得低于拆迁预算资金总额的百分之四十；不足部分由 拆迁人在房屋拆迁管理部门规定的期限内补足。
第九条 房屋拆迁管理部门应当自收到申请之日起三十日内，对申请事项进行审查；经审查符合条件的，颁发房屋拆迁许可证。
第十条 房屋拆迁管理部门应当自房屋拆迁许可证核发之日起五日内，将建设项目的名称、拆迁人、拆迁范围、搬迁期限、拆迁期限等内容予以公告。
房屋拆迁管理部门和拆迁人应当及时向被拆迁人做好宣传、解释工作。
第十一条 拆迁范围公布后，拆迁范围内的单位和个人在暂停办理相 关手续期间不得进行下列活动：
（一）新建、扩建、改建房屋；
（二）改变房屋和土地用途；
（三）租赁房屋。
房屋拆迁管理部门应当就前款所列事项，书面通知有关部门暂停办理相关手续。暂停办 理的书面通知应当载明暂停期限。暂停期限不超过一年；拆迁人需要延长暂停期限的，应当 经房屋拆迁管理部门批准，延长暂停期限最长不得超过一年。
第十二条 拆迁人自取得房屋拆迁许可证之日起三个月内不实施拆迁的，房屋拆迁许可证自然失效，并由房屋拆迁管理部门予以公告。
实施房屋拆迁不得超越房屋拆迁许可证核准的拆迁范围和拆迁期限。
需要延长拆迁期限的,拆迁人应当在拆迁期限届满十五日前,向房屋拆迁管理部门提出延 期申请;房屋拆迁管理部门应当自收到延期拆迁申请之日起十日内予以答复。
第十三条 拆迁人可以自行拆迁，也可以委托拆迁。从事拆迁业务的单位须依法取得房屋拆迁资格证书。
房屋拆迁管理部门不得作为拆迁人，不得接受拆迁委托。
第十四条 拆迁人委托拆迁的，应当向被委托的拆迁单位出具委托书 ，并签订拆迁委托合同。拆迁人应当自拆迁委托合同签订之日起十五日内，将合同报房屋拆 迁管理部门备案。
被委托的拆迁单位不得转让拆迁业务。
第十五条 拆迁人应当向被拆迁人公布拆迁补偿安置方案。
拆迁人与被拆迁人应当在公告规定的搬迁期限内，根据本办法规定签订拆迁补偿安置协 议。协议应当载明补偿形式、货币补偿金额及其支付期限、安置地点、安置用房面积、搬迁 期限、过渡方式、过渡期限、搬家补助费和临时安置补助费、违约责任以及当事人认为需要 订立的其他条款。
拆迁租赁房屋的，拆迁人应当与被拆迁人、房屋承租人签订拆迁补偿安置协议。
拆迁房管部门代管的房屋，拆迁人应当与代管人签订拆迁补偿安置协议；代管房屋有使用人的，拆迁人应当与代管人、房屋使用人签订拆迁补偿安置协议。
拆迁补偿安置协议自签订之日起生效。拆迁人应当自协议签订之日起十五日内将协议报 房屋拆迁管理部门备案。
第十六条 拆迁补偿安置协议签订后，被拆迁人或者房屋承租人在搬迁期限内拒绝搬迁的，拆迁人可以依法向仲裁委员会申请仲裁，也可以依法向人民法院起诉 。诉讼期间，拆迁人可以依法申请人民法院先予执行。
第十七条 拆迁当事人对补偿形式、补偿金额、安置用房面积、安置 地点、过渡方式、搬迁期限、过渡期限等内容，在搬迁期限内经协商达不成协议的，拆迁当事人可以向房屋拆迁管理部门申请裁决。被拆迁人是房屋拆迁管理部门的，由市人民政府裁决。裁决部门应当自受理裁决申请之日起三十日内作出书面裁决；裁决作出之前，裁决部门应当充分听取拆迁人、被拆迁人或其委托代理人、受委托拆迁单位、街道、居委会等各方的意见。
当事人对裁决不服的，可以依法申请行政复议或者向人民法院提起行政诉讼。除依法需 要停止执行的情形外，在复议和诉讼期间如拆迁人已按裁决给予货币补偿，或者按裁决补偿 费已提存，或者提供拆迁安置用房、周转用房的，复议和诉讼期间不停止拆迁的执行。
第十八条 被拆迁人或者房屋承租人在裁决规定的搬迁期限内拒绝搬迁的，由市人民政府责成有关部门强制拆迁，或者由房屋拆迁管理部门依法申请人民法院强制拆迁。
实施强制拆迁前，拆迁人应当就被拆迁房屋的有关事项，向公证机关办理证据保全。
第十九条 拆迁房管部门代管的房屋，拆迁补偿安置协议必须经公证机关公证。代管人应当就被拆迁房屋的有关事项，向公证机关办理证据保全。
第二十条 被拆迁房屋有下列情形之一的，由拆迁人提出补偿安置方案，报房屋拆迁管理部门审核同意后实施拆迁：
（一）有产权纠纷的；
（二）产权人下落不明的；
（三）暂时无法确定产权人的。
房屋拆迁前，拆迁人应当就被拆迁房屋的有关事项，向公证机关办理证据保全。
第二十一条 拆迁设有抵押权的房屋，依据国家有关担保的法律执行。
第二十二条 法律、法规对拆迁军事设施、教堂、寺庙、文物古迹、归侨侨眷房屋、涉外房屋等另有规定的，从其规定。
第二十三条 城市房屋拆迁涉及公共设施或者各种管线迁移的，由原所有人按规定期限自行迁移，所需迁移费用，由拆迁人按国家有关规定标准给予适当补偿 。
第二十四条 对拆迁范围内的花木、绿地、古树名木应当尽可能保留。不能保留的，应当依法办理有关手续。
第二十五条 尚未完成拆迁补偿、安置的建设项目确需转让的，受让人应当提供本办法第八条第一款第（五）项规定的拆迁补偿安置资金证明，并经房屋拆迁 管理部门同意。原拆迁补偿安置协议载明的权利、义务随之转移给项目受让人。项目转让人和受让人应当书面通知被拆迁人，并自转让合同签订之日起三十日内予以公告。
受让人不能履行原拆迁补偿安置协议的，转让人应当承担连带责任。
第二十六条 拆迁人使用拆迁补偿安置资金的，应当经房屋拆迁管理 部门审核。拆迁补偿安置资金应当全部用于房屋拆迁的补偿、安置，不得挪作他用。具体管 理办法按省建设行政管理部门制定的有关规定执行。
房屋拆迁管理部门应当加强对拆迁补偿安置资金使用的监督。
第二十七条 房屋拆迁管理部门应当建立、健全房屋拆迁档案制度，加强对房屋拆迁档案资料的管理。
房屋拆迁的档案资料包括：拆迁人从事房屋拆迁的有关批准文件，拆迁计划和拆迁方案及其调整资料，前期调查登记资料，拆迁补偿安置协议及其结算资料，以及其他与拆迁有关的档案资料。
第三章 拆迁补偿与安置
第二十八条 拆迁人应当对被拆迁人按照法律、法规和本办法的规定给予合理补偿。
拆迁补偿、安置可以实行货币补偿，也可以实行产权调换。被拆迁人有权选择具体补偿安置形式。
拆迁非公益事业房屋的附属物，不作产权调换，由拆迁人给予货币补偿，具体补偿标准由市人民政府另行公布。拆迁范围公布后新建、改建、扩建的附属物不予补偿。
第二十九条 拆迁范围内的违法违章建筑、超过批准期限的临时建筑，必须在拆迁公告规定的搬迁期限内自行拆除，不予补偿。拆除经规划批准未超过批准期限的临时建筑，可给予适当补偿，具体补偿标准由市人民政府另行公布；审批时另有约定的，按约定办理。
第三十条 货币补偿或者产权调换的面积按照被拆迁房屋的房屋所有权证或者其他合法房产凭证记载的建筑面积计算。
第三十一条 被拆迁房屋的货币补偿金额根据房地产市场评估价格确定。房地产市场评估价格由具有法定资格的房地产评估机构以房屋拆迁许可证核发时市政府公布的货币补偿基准价为基本依据，结合该房屋具体区位、建筑结构、建筑面积、成新、层次、装修等因素评估确定。
房地产评估机构在确定被拆迁房屋的房地产市场评估价格前，应当听取被拆迁人的意见 。
本条及本办法第三十八条、第五十条规定的评估所需费用由拆迁人承担。
第三十二条 被拆迁房屋的货币补偿基准价，由房屋拆迁管理部门会同价格、国土资源、规划等行政管理部门按照当地上一年度同类地段、同类用途新建房屋的市场平均价格分别确定，报市人民政府批准，并在每年三月底前公布。
第三十三条 房屋拆迁管理部门应当提出不少于两家的房地产评估机构，公布名单并说明其资质、信誉等情况，供被拆迁人选择。被拆迁人应当在房屋拆迁管理 部门提供房地产评估机构名单后十日内作出选择。评估机构由房屋拆迁管理部门按参加选择的被拆迁人的多数意见确定。被拆迁人未在规定时间内作出选择的，由房屋拆迁管理部门确定。
第三十四条 被拆迁房屋的房地产市场评估价格实行公示制。
房地产评估机构应当将被拆迁人的姓名、被拆迁房屋的门牌号、评估因素、评估依据、评估价格等主要情况在被拆迁地段公示，接受社会监督。公示时间不得少于十日。
第三十五条 房地产市场评估按省评估办法执行。
第三十六条 按照本章规定对被拆迁人进行补偿后，其被拆迁房屋按规定容积率占有的土地，不再按照《浙江省实施〈中华人民共和国土地管理法〉办法》第二 十九条规定予以补偿。被拆迁人依法享有使用权的土地，其面积超过被拆迁房屋按规定容积率占有的土地面积的，超过部分的土地按照《浙江省实施〈中华人民共和国土地管理法〉办法》第二十九条规定予以补偿。
第三十七条 被拆迁地段用于同类商品房建设的，被拆迁人享有以同等条件优先购买的权利。
前款规定同类商品房销售，建设单位应将被拆迁人优先购买的期限予以公告。被拆迁人应在建设单位公告规定的优先购买期限内办理购房手续，逾期视作放弃。其中同类商品房属竞拍 销售的，被拆迁人享有同等竞拍价的优先购买权。
第三十八条 实行产权调换的，拆迁人与被拆迁人应当结算被拆迁房屋和安置用房的差价。
被拆迁房屋和安置用房的价格按照本章规定的房地产市场评估价格确定。
第三十九条 选择产权调换的被拆迁人有权要求拆迁人提供不小于被拆迁房屋原建筑面积的安置用房。
安置用房应当符合设计规范要求；属于新建商品房的，交付前应当经综合验收合格。
第四十条 被拆迁人属于生活特殊困难人员，其被拆迁住宅用房每户建筑面积小于三十六平方米（在衢州市城市规划区内有其他住宅用房的合并计算），并 实行产权调换的，拆迁人应当提供建筑面积不小于三十六平方米的成套房作为安置用房。被拆迁房屋和安置用房互不结算产权调换的差价。
前款所称的生活特殊困难人员，是指按照有关规定享受最低生活保障待遇的城市居民；被拆迁住宅用房每户建筑面积，按照房屋拆迁许可证核发时被拆迁人的户籍证和房屋所有权证或者其他合法房产凭证为依据确定。
第四十一条 拆迁房管部门直管住宅公房或单位自管住宅公房（包括 不成套房），1998年12月31日前租赁的，房屋承租人享有按照房改政策购房的权利。房屋承租人购房后，拆迁人应对其按被拆迁人予以补偿安置。房屋承租人房改购房办法由市房改办制定，报市人民政府批准后执行。
房屋承租人未按房改政策购房或不具备享受房改条件的，可协议解除租赁关系，由房管部门或房屋产权单位对承租人给予货币补助，货币补助标准为该房屋拆迁补偿费的百分之三十五。
房屋承租人未按房改政策购房，也未与被拆迁人达成解除租赁关系协议的，拆迁人应当对被拆迁人实行产权调换的补偿安置方式。安置用房由原房屋承租人承租，被拆迁人应当与原房屋承租人重新签订房屋租赁合同。房屋承租人经审查符合申请廉租住房条件的，可根据市政府的有关规定给予廉租房安置。
第四十二条 拆迁落实私房政策换约续租的住宅用房的，拆迁人应当按照本办法规定对被拆迁人予以补偿、安置。被拆迁人与房屋承租人解除租赁关系，被拆迁人可按房屋承租人实际租用面积支付最高为六个月的租金给予补助；房屋承租人为享受最低生活保障待遇的城市居民，被拆迁人应按房屋承租人实际租用面积支付最高为十二个月的租金给予补助；房屋承租人经审查符合申请廉租住房条件的，可直接申请廉租房安置，被拆迁人不再支付租金补助。租金的具体标准按市人民政府公布的标准执行。
第四十三条 拆迁房管部门代管的房屋，代管房屋有使用人的，应当实行产权调换；代管房屋无使用人的，由代管人选择补偿安置方式。选择产权调换的，安置用房仍由房管部门代管；选择货币补偿的，货币补偿金额由代管人专户存入银行。
第四十四条 被拆迁房屋的用途以房屋所有权证登记的用途为准。认定房屋用途以规划、国土资源管理部门提供的合法有效文件为依据。
房屋所有权证未明确用途的，由产权登记部门依照职权或者根据房屋所有人的申请，按照规划、国土资源管理部门提供的合法有效文件调查确认。
房屋所有人要求改变原登记用途的，可以在其房屋被列入拆迁范围前，持有关文件向产 权登记部门申请变更登记。
第四十五条 1990年4月1日《中华人民共和国城市规划法》施行前已 改变房屋用途并以改变后用途延续使用的，根据房屋所有人的申请，按改变后的用途认定，由产权登记部门变更登记；其中改为商业用房的，应当持有合法有效营业执照。
1990年4月1日《中华人民共和国城市规划法》施行后未经规划、土地管理部门同意改为 商业用房的，被拆迁人应提供经营当年及现在的合法有效的营业执照或完税凭证作为确认营 业用房的依据。以本办法实施之日为界限，实施之前一年内按实际营业面积的百分之三十予以确认，每提前一年，增加百分之六，剩余面积仍按原房屋用途标准补偿。未经同意改为其 他用途的，一律按原房屋评估价格补偿。
本办法颁布实施后未经规划、国土资源管理部门同意改变房屋用途的，一律按原房屋用途确认。
改变房屋用途，按规定应当交纳土地收益金的，房屋所有人应当在变更登记前依法补交 土地收益金。
土地收益金补交办法由市国土资源管理部门另行制定。
第四十六条 被拆迁人选择产权调换的，拆迁人应当自领取房屋拆迁 许可证之日起二十四个月内将被拆迁人或者房屋承租人安置完毕。
过渡期间的周转用房可以由被拆迁人或者房屋承租人自行解决，也可以由拆迁人提供。被拆迁人或者房屋承租人有权选择具体过渡方式，拆迁人不得强迫或者拒绝。
拆迁人提供周转房的，被拆迁人或者房屋承租人应当在得到安置用房的四个月内腾退周 转用房。
第四十七条 住宅房屋的被拆迁人或者房屋承租人自行解决周转用房的，拆迁人应当从其搬迁之月起到被安置后的四个月内支付其临时安置补助费。临时安置补 助费按照市区租赁与被拆迁房屋相当面积、地段的住宅用房所需费用的平均价格确定。具体标准由市人民政府制定，每年三月底前公布。
拆迁人超过拆迁补偿安置协议规定的过渡期限未提供安置用房的，应当自逾期之月起按照原标准的二倍支付临时安置补助费，补偿被拆迁人或者房屋承租人因延期使用安置用房的损失。
拆迁人提供周转用房的，周转用房应当与被拆迁房屋的居住条件相当，拆迁人不再支付 临时安置补助费。拆迁人超过协议规定的过渡期限未提供安置用房的，除继续提供周转房外，还应当自逾期之月按照规定标准支付临时安置补助费，补偿被拆迁人或者房屋承租人因延 期使用安置用房的损失。
第四十八条 拆迁人应当支付住宅房屋的被拆迁人或者房屋承租人搬家补助费。搬家补助费每户不低于六百元，具体标准由市人民政府制定，每年三月底前公布 。
实行产权调换的，被拆迁人或者房屋承租人从拆迁人提供的临时周转用房迁往安置用房时，应当再次支付搬家补助费。
第四十九条 拆迁非住宅房屋造成停产、停业引起的经济损失以及 搬迁、安装、过渡费用，由拆迁人给予一次性补助。具体补助标准由市人民政府另行公布。
第五十条 拆除产权属于学校、医院、敬老院、幼儿园、影剧院、居委会等用于社会公益事业的房屋及其附属物，拆迁人应当按照有关法律、法规的规定和城 市规划的要求予以重建，或者给予货币补偿。
第四章 法律责任
第五十一条 违反本办法规定，有下列行为之一的，由房屋拆迁管理部门依据《浙江省城市房屋拆迁管理条例》第五十一条的规定予以行政处罚：
(一)未取得房屋拆迁许可证实施拆迁的；
(二)以欺骗手段骗取房屋拆迁许可证的；
(三)未按房屋拆迁许可证确定的拆迁范围实施房屋拆迁的；
(四)委托不具有拆迁资格的单位实施拆迁的；
(五)擅自延长拆迁期限的；
(六)接受委托的拆迁单位违反规定转让拆迁业务的。
第五十二条 违反本办法规定，有下列行为之一，造成被拆迁人或者房屋承租人财产损失的，应当依法承担民事责任：
(一)未取得房屋拆迁许可证实施拆迁的；
(二)以欺骗手段骗取房屋拆迁许可证实施拆迁的；
(三)未按房屋拆迁许可证规定的拆迁范围、拆迁期限实施拆迁的。
第五十三条 房地产评估机构与拆迁当事人相互串通，故意压低或者抬高被拆迁房屋的房地产市场评估价格的，评估结果无效，由房屋拆迁管理部门重新组织评估；对当事人造成损失的，房地产评估机构应当依法承担赔偿责任；并由有关管理部门对房地产评估机构和有关责任人员依法给予行政处罚；构成犯罪的，依法追究刑事责任。
第五十四条 拆迁人有下列行为之一的，由房屋拆迁管理部门依据《浙江省城市房屋拆迁管理条例》第五十四条的规定给予警告，责令改正，并处以三万元以 上十五万元以下的罚款：
(一)未按规定与被拆迁人签订拆迁补偿安置协议且未经依法裁决进行拆迁的；
(二)违反本办法第二十条第一款规定，补偿安置方案未经房屋拆迁管理部门审核同意而 实施拆迁的；
(三)伪造、涂改或者不向被拆迁人提供规定的拆迁补偿安置协议文本的；
(四)转让建设项目，未按规定办理批准手续的。
第五十五条 有关行政管理部门及其工作人员玩忽职守、滥用职权、徇私舞弊，有下列情形之一的，对直接负责的主管人员和直接责任人员，由有关部门依法给予行政处分；构成犯罪的，依法追究刑事责任：
(一)违反规定核发房屋拆迁许可证以及其他批准文件的；
(二)核发房屋拆迁许可证以及其他批准文件后不履行监督管理职责或者对违法行为不予 查处的；
(三)未按本办法规定发布拆迁公告的；
(四)房屋拆迁管理部门实施房屋拆迁的；
(五)违反本办法规定作出拆迁裁决的；
(六)违反本办法规定实施强制拆迁的。
因前款规定行为给拆迁当事人造成损失的，应当依法承担赔偿责任。
第五章 附 则
第五十六条 对在城市房屋拆迁工作中作出突出贡献的单位或者 个人，可由房屋拆迁管理部门给予奖励。
第五十七条 在城市规划区外的国有土地上实施房屋拆迁，并需要对被拆迁人补偿、安置的，参照本办法执行。
第五十八条 本办法的具体应用问题由衢州市建设局负责解释。
第五十九条 本办法自公布之日起施行。1995年8月29日市人民政府颁布的《衢州市城市房屋拆迁管理办法》（衢政〔1995〕9号文件）同时废止。市人民政府其他有关房屋拆迁补偿安置的规定与本办法不一致的，以本办法为准。
The Draft Constitution and Human Rights Protection in European Union
周大勇 (Zhou,Dayong)
1 the general introduction of the draft constitution in aspect of the human rights
2 short review of the human rights protection in European Union
3 the new points in aspect of human rights in the draft constitution
3.1 common values
3.2 incorporation of the Charter of fundamental rights
3.3 other changes could affect the human rights
4 arisen questions
4.1 the protection different from under the Convention
4.2 the two courts system and its application
5 conclusions in a historical view
1 general introduction of the draft constitution in aspect of the human rights
“Conscious that Europe is a continent that has brought forth civilization; That its inhabitants, arriving in successive waves from earliest times, have gradually developed the values underlying humanism: equality of persons, freedom, respect for reason” Extract from the preamble to the draft Constitution
In past 16 years, the European Union (EU hereafter) has marked itself through a series of changes. From The Single European Act, in which the Union committed itself to create a single market and at the same time establish on its territory the freedom of movement of people, goods, services as well as capital, to Maastricht Treaty, which brought the Union into reality and led to common foreign policy and cooperation in the area of justice and internal affairs as a higher level cooperation among Member States. Then the following Amsterdam (1997) and Nice (2001) Treaties, strengthened cooperation in foreign and security policy and placed Justice and Home Affairs matters and established the frame for the Union as a legitimate institution, in which people from different nations integrated in a large region would have common historical direction and splendid future before them. Just before the door of enlargement of the Union, it was argued that the Union has to improve democracy and transparency as well as efficiency, in order to outlines the EU’s purpose and competence clearly and streamline structures so as to prevent paralysis, therefore a new constitution for the Union is determined to replace the EU's series of key treaties in passed over the last 50 years as a single document .
Under leading of former French President and master draftsman Valéry Giscard d'Estaing, the European Convention set about its work of drafting the European Union's first ever full-fledged constitution. With the convention's work completed, the draft must now be finalized by an Intergovernmental Conference of European leaders that is expected to complete deliberations by the end of the 2003. As far as our topic is concerned, noticeably modifications come out in the constitution contract, first of all, the incorporation of the Charter of Fundamental Rights, which we will discuss later. In the beginning it is meaningful to consider the statues of the draft constitution in the progress course of the Union. The Union desires to bring peace and prosperity, to promote economic and social progress through continuously integrating market and expanding freedom under light of united institution and social systems . These goals, however, are the foundation of development and protection of human rights . That means, if we regard human rights as a series right which realized at first in peaceful and law-ruling society, then the Union has already kept on entrenching to appreciate these goal from beginning on, and now by means of perusing such goal in a larger region through enlargement, the EU’s influence extent to broader area and more people.
The draft constitution then in such context should be viewed as another historical phase in the process. Because the promoting of well-being and fortune of people depend not only on the development of economic situation and adding some single freedom clauses into the governmental documents, but also upon the entire politic system and background in which we live. Without governing based on democratic and effective institutional structure, and especially a ripe legislation and judiciary mechanism, the realization and protection of human rights could only be on the paper. This is also one of the motive caused the Declaration on the future of the European Union which committed the Union to becoming more democratic, more transparent and effective, in order to pave the way for a Constitution in response to the expectations of the people of Europe . In this perspective, one shall recognize the Constitution as a moving forward step of the whole EU institutionalization targeting its goal, so that to discuss the Constitution in connection with the human right protection, it is helpful to review the human rights protection in Europe and, especially in EU.
2 short review of the human rights protection in European Union
The protection of human rights has been internationally come to life in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights in 1948 (UDHR) with reorganization of disregard and contempt for human rights have resulted in barbarous acts which have outraged the conscience of mankind and respect for inherent dignity as well as the equal rights of all members of the human. This declaration states explicitly that the rights and freedoms of humans have to be guaranteed without distinction and destruction by any group, state or person. These principles were broadly accepted by European countries, considering the origin of the EU (EC) and the historical separation in Europe after WWII, we denote only the contracting countries of European Community.
For the Member States of EC, the Council of Europe has been up to now the most important instrument, which established in 1949 as a result of the Congress of Europe in The Hague , and took for the basic of the human rights protection. The Council accepted the principles of Universal Declaration of Human Rights and integrated it into The European Convention for the Protection of Human Rights (the Convention hereafter), which and its 12 Protocols turned out to be the significant resource for Human Rights protection in Europe. Because of the existence of the Convention, the other two organizations established in the same age aftermath of the Second World War, i.e. OEEC and the European Communities didn’t include relevant clauses for Human Rights protection into their founding treaties. Since it was agreed at that time, the Council of Europe would focus on the protection of human rights, fundamental freedoms and democratic values, whereas the OECD and the European Communities were to be concerned with the economic restoration of Europe. The reason of separate organizations was based on a view to avoiding economic excuses for future inhumanity. Another reason came from the thought, which believed that the process of economic integration set forth in the Community Treaties could not lead to a violation of human rights. Furthermore, the original Member States in the Treaty of Rome feared, that the inclusion of a "bill of rights" in the Treaty might have brought about an undesirable expansion of Community powers, since it could lead Community institutions to interpret their powers as extending to anything not explicitly prohibited by the enumerated guarantees.
Under the regime of Council of Europe, a lots of achievement of human rights improvement has been reached , yet along with the development and expansion of EU, another mechanism on protection of human rights which does not totally rely on the Council of Europe has derived out on one hand, on the other hand being lack of provisions ruling human rights protection in the Treaty establishing EC did not prevent the EC and the later European Union from providing care for the protection against the violations on human rights. Naturally, how could a swelling supranational organization as EC, which has been continually strengthening its power in all social aspects, does not involve in human rights issues especially when the consciousness of human rights nowadays become more significant both in international and national stages? Regarding to EU, The protection system has been formed in three aspects.
First of all, the legislation in the Member States of EU. Since there were no Member States of EU (EC) which accedes to the Community without being a member of the Council of Europe, and according to the Convention, it impose obligations on the Member States that they should ensure that the internal laws and practices comply with the human rights standards set out in the instruments. Very member states in EU have recognize the principles derived from the Convention and incorporated them somehow into national laws, most importantly, provided constitutive protection as the basic legal resource for human rights protection. For example in Germany, Basic Law (Grundgesetz) Art 1 to 19 deliver explicit provisions even beyond the Convention; the same case as Part VIII (§71-85) in Constitution of Denmark ; in Britain the Act of Human Rights came into force on 2 October 2000 steers extending a ways, in which the Convention can be used before domestic courts. Certainly, according to the classic human rights lessons, the basic protection of human rights could only be afforded at the national level through national legislation and excise of authoritative power.
Secondly, the institutions and legislation at the EU level acts also with high respect to the human rights protection. The EU has showed its commitment to human rights and fundamental freedoms and has explicitly confirmed the EU's attachment to fundamental social rights ever since its establishment.
The Amsterdam Treaty established procedures intended to secure their protection. It was ascertained, as a general principle, that the European Union should respect human rights and fundamental freedoms, upon which the Union is founded. For the first time a procedure is introduced, according to which severe and continuing violations of Fundamental Rights can lead to suspension of voting and other rights of a member state, if the Union determined the existence of a serious and persistent breach of these principles by that Member State. As to the Candidate countries, they should also respect these principles to join the Union. Furthermore, It has also given the European Court of Justice the power to ensure respect of fundamental rights and freedoms by the European institutions. In accordance with the inner requirement for the implementation of development cooperation operations, in order to reach objective of developing and consolidating democracy, EU also need its rule respecting for human rights. Such cases we have are for instance the EU Council’s regulation on human rights, Council Regulation (EC) No 975/199 and Council Regulation (EC) No 976/1999 for example, are aimed at providing technical and financial aid for operations to promote and protect of civil and political rights as well as economic, social and cultural rights etc.
Likewise, at their meeting in Cologne in June 1999, EU leaders declared that in respect to the current stage of progress of the European Union, the fundamental rights applicable at Union level should be pushed forward, namely be consolidated in a Charter and thereby made more evident. They argued, that the legal resources of human rights protection come from not only the European Convention of Human Right, but also from various international conventions drawn up by the Council of Europe as well as the United Nations and the International Labor Organization, they also include EU treaties themselves and from the case law of the European Court of Justice. As a result, a Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union (the Charter hereinafter) was sketch out, which highlighted the EU’s respect for human rights, for fundamental freedoms and for the principle of democracy through listing more rights a more precise definition of the common values comparing the early documents including the Convention. We will continue to concentrate on the Charter in point 3 since it has been integrated in the draft Constitution as an outstanding achievement.
Finally, the opinion and case-law of European Court of Justice (ECJ hereafter) also have immense impact on the establishment of the instrument of human rights protection within EU.
Although the jurisprudence developed by the ECJ recognizes the Convention as the standard-setter in cases in which the Court has to consider and decide a human rights issue, since there were no relevant legislation existed in the frame of the Community, the ECJ furnish itself power in this aspect by means of case-law. Earlier in 1974, the ECJ first made reference to the ECHR in the Nold judgment, in which the ECJ emphasized its commitment to fundamental human rights based on the constitutional traditions of the Member States’ fundamental rights form an integral part of the general principles of law which the Court enforces. In assuring the protection of such rights, the Court is required to base itself on the constitutional traditions common to the Member States and therefore could not allow measures, which are incompatible with the fundamental rights recognized and guaranteed by the constitutions of such States. The ECJ declared, that the international treaties on the protection of human rights in which the Member States have cooperated or to which they have adhered could also supply indications which may be taken into account within the framework of Community law.
That implied, even without clear regulations in the treaties, the remedy against violation on human rights could also be provided within the framework of the Community in respect for the common traditions applied to the Member States, and in connection with we have mentioned about the Member States’ above, the principles and resource applied to the Member States derived from the Council of Europe. Thus a EU standard could be established by transform a rating comparison of the members’ legal systems to the case-law in ECJ in respect for human rights.
