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程序对社会主义法制的决定作用/王春峰

作者:法律资料网 时间:2024-07-23 02:17:29  浏览:9178   来源:法律资料网
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程序对社会主义法制的决定性


实体上的正义是抽象的、不易把握的,程序是具体的、容易把握的,实体上的正义只有通过具体的程序才能得到实现和保障。作为许多程序的组合构成的制度,能在多大程度上保障正义,取决于构成这一制度运行基础的程序。因此,程序是检验正义的标准。
这里的程序概念是广义的,包括法律上的程序以及以其他形式确立起来的对社会运行具有约束力的程序。包括被法律规范的程序和各种规章制度规范的程序。包括被明确宣示的程序和在实际上起着作用的虽然没有明示但被大家所认可的程序。包括约束立法、司法、行政等国家权力运行的程序,约束舆论工具运行的程序。程序对实现正义的作用日益受到重视,以至于在法学上提出了程序正义的概念,以区别于传统意义上抽象的实体正义的概念。
法律分为实体法和程序法,实体法规定了立法者所宣扬的价值取向,也就是立法者宣扬的什么是正义,什么是非正义,程序法则规定了实现正义的方法,是立法者制定的对实体正义的保障措施。实体法所宣扬的正义是否能实现取决于程序法是否对它提供了相应的保障,没有程序法保障的正义只能是镜花水月。判断一个法律制度正义性的标准是程序法而不是实体法,如果实体法赋予人们权利而程序法没有提供实现这一权利的途径,那么这是一个不能实现正义的法,它所宣扬的正义是虚假的。程序是正义的载体,没有程序就无法实现正义,正义只有通过程序才能得以实现,没有程序保障的正义不是真实的正义。
程序和实体何者更重要?有人认为,没有实体上的正义就无所谓保障实体正义的程序,毫无疑问实体是最重要的。还有人认为,二者就像鸡生蛋,蛋生鸡一样,是相辅相成、相互促进的关系,不能划分先后次序。应当说,后一种观点更有道理,实体正义和程序正义是在相互影响的过程中共同发展、共同完善的。但是在现实中,由于程序正义的发展水平往往滞后于实体正义,程序正义的发展水平往往决定了一个社会制度所能达到的民主程度,一个社会的民主程度往往表现为程序正义的发展程度。所以从实践来看,程序的重要性常常要大于实体。
中国的传统观念把实体的正义放在首位,而并不看重程序正义的价值。但由于人们心中通常都有自己对实体正义的标准,而人们对实体正义的看法在总体上往往没有大的差别,所以可以说建立正义的过程主要是建立实现正义的程序的过程,是建设程序正义的过程。因此,轻视程序就是轻视正义本身,所谓的“重实体,轻程序”的实质是对正义本身的轻视。在这个意义上,程序和实体上的正义是一体的。就如英美法国家,只是重视程序法的建设,很少关心实体法,在法律的很多方面都没有实体上的规定,但是对民众利益的保障却超越了偏重实体法建设的大陆法系国家,尽管大陆法系国家并不轻视程序法的建设。
程序不仅是保障正义实现的途径,它还是衡量正义的标准,通过对客观具体的程序的研究可以知道在一个社会能够实现多大程度上的正义。程序就像一杆秤,通过对程序的研究能够衡量正义在多大程度上得到了实现,保障程序正义就像制造一杆精密准确的秤,确立起衡量实体正义的标准。没有程序正义,我们就无法衡量实体正义,也就无所谓实体正义。没有标准会造成人们对周围世界的怀疑,没有程序的衡量人们也无法确定身边表面上的正义是否是真正的正义。
在中国,最缺乏的是程序正义,最被忽视的是程序正义,最迫切需要的也是程序正义。我们有马克思的唯物主义思想,有人民民主专政的共产主义制度,但这一先进的实体上的正义思想和制度却缺乏必要的程序来保障。我们知道资本主义制度存在许多缺陷,我们知道社会主义制度在各个方面优越于资本主义制度,我们知道社会主义社会的人民应当拥有高度的民主,但在现实社会中理想却离我们那样遥远。这是因为我们没有一套保障它得以实现的程序。应当说,我们在实体正义上超越了资本主义,但在程序正义上却还落后于资本主义,理想和现实在这里脱节。就像构成木桶的一块短木板一样,程序上的缺陷使社会主义的现实远远达不到理论上的发达程度。程序和实体的关系是表里的关系,也是相辅相成的关系,哪一方面的偏废都不能实现真正的正义。对于社会主义中国来说,马克思主义已经为中国确立了高度的实体正义,我们接下来要着重发展的是程序正义的建设。“重实体,轻程序”是对我们工作判断上的失误,社会主义按照这种错误的思路畸形发展下去,最终会使人们对实体上的正义也失去信心,给社会主义的发展带来严重的阻碍。
在程序与实体关系角度上我们谈谈中国的宪法权利问题。中国的宪法在人民的权利方面规定的是比较全面和完善的,但是在现实生活中,普通民众的权利却常常难以得到保障。宪法所规定的权利在很多人眼里都没有被看作是真实的权利,比如说平等权,比如说受教育权,比如说人身自由,等等。从受教育权的宪法诉讼,到孙志刚案,或者乙肝歧视案,这些事件都是侵犯人民宪法权利的事例,但是由于在程序上没有建立宪法诉讼的制度,这类事件发生后,权利受侵害者无法通过一条正常、有效的途径去保护自己的权利。只是在其中的一些事件被媒体披露得到社会广泛重视后才可能通过行政手段或者说在权力的干预下得到解决,而更多的被侵犯宪法权利的人依然无法保障自己的权利。缺乏程序保障的宪法无法成为人民保障自己利益的武器,依据宪法建立起来的人民的权利也就成为没有保障的权利。
在程序上要保障人们对任何侵犯自己利益的行为有提起诉讼的权利,而不应在不必要的方面限制人们的诉讼权,这是在法治社会保障正义得以实现的基本要求。对于任何法律上规定的权利,人们都可以通过诉讼要求得到保障,这才能够使法律所规定的权利成为真实的权利。我们知道,宪法是国家的根本法,是一切法律的本源,一切违反宪法的法律法规、行为都是无效的,任何阻碍宪法权利得以实现的规定也都应当也必然是无效的。宪法规定的权利无论有没有程序方面的具体规定,人们都有权据以要求得到法律的保护。宪法诉讼制度并不需要通过专门的法律来建立,而应当是宪法建立之后就自然存在的。任何宪法规定的权利受到侵犯,人们都可以通过诉讼要求得到保障,这就自然建立了宪法诉讼制度,而不需要再去制定其他法律规定哪些宪法权利可以受到法律保护,哪些宪法权利暂时不予保护。这种法律如果存在,就是对宪法的侵犯,是对宪法的嘲弄,是违反宪法的法,也是非法的法。
我们在学习宪法的时候,都学过在社会主义国家,人民的权利是最广泛的、最真实的。社会主义中国的人权状况受到资本主义国家的批评,是对社会主义的侮辱。大力发展中国的程序制度,使中国的程序正义和实体正义均衡发展,中国的社会主义制度自然会发展到它理论上应当达到的程度,也自然会超越资本主义制度表现出优越性,这也是社会主义制度健康长远发展的保障。必须放开对民众诉讼权利的限制,使每一个公民可以通过诉讼手段维护自己的权力,维护法律的充分实施。人民是推动社会发展的最终力量,让每一个社会主义公民参与到维护自身权利、维护社会主义宪法的实践中去,中国的法治进程就会迅速而健康的发展。
尽管程序的发展程度往往对整个社会的发展程度起着决定性的作用,但是程序与实体的关系毕竟是相互促进的,所以实体对程序的发展能够起到加速抑或是延缓的作用。中国已经进入社会主义阶段,在实体上有了最先进的共产主义思想和社会主义制度,尽管在程序建设上还远远滞后于实体上的发展,但是在实体上先进的共产主义思想和社会主义制度的促进下,中国的程序建设会有较其他国家更快的发展速度。暂时的落后并不是社会主义制度的失败,只要加强程序也就是制度建设,中国一定会建设成为民主、发达的社会主义强国。


王春峰:springlord@yeah.net


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关于严防痒病传入我国的补充通知

农业部


关于严防痒病传入我国的补充通知

           (农检疫发〔1997〕1号)

 

各直属口岸动植物检疫局、动物检疫所,各省、自治区、直辖市畜牧(农牧)厅(局):

  为防止痒病传入我国,1996年我部下发了农检疫发[1996]7号文《关于严防痒病

传入我国的通知》。该通知中第一条规定:禁止从有痒病的国家进口(包括直接进口和转口)羊、羊胚胎、羊精液、羊肉脏(含肠衣)及其制品、肉骨粉、骨粉、羊脂(油)以及含有羊蛋白的动物饲料等。现将该条规定修改如下:

  禁止从有痒病的国家进口(包括直接进口和转口)羊、羊胚胎、羊精液、羊肉脏(含肠衣,但不包括痒病发病地点周围半径50公里以外地区的肠衣)及其制品,羊肉骨粉、骨粉、羊脂(油)以及含有羊蛋白的动物饲料等。

  特此通知。

  附件:农检疫发(1996)7号“关于严防痒病传入我国的通知”(略)

 

                               农业部

                          一九九七年三月十九日

REGULATIONS ON SPECIAL ECONOMIC ZONES IN GUANGDONG PROVINCE ——附加英文版

The Standing Committee of the National People's Congress


REGULATIONS ON SPECIAL ECONOMIC ZONES IN GUANGDONG PROVINCE

(Approved for implementation at the 15th Meeting of the Standing
Committee of the Fifth National People's Congress on August 26, 1980)

Contents
Chapter I General Provisions
Chapter II Registration and Operation
Chapter III Preferential Treatment
Chapter IV Labour Management
Chapter V Administrative Organization
Chapter VI Supplementary Provisions

Chapter I General Provisions
Article 1
In order to develop economic cooperation and technical exchanges with
foreign countries and to promote the socialist modernization programme,
certain areas shall be delineated respectively in the three cities of
Shenzhen, Zhuhai and Shantou in Guangdong Province for the establishment
of special economic zones (hereinafter referred to as "special zones").
The special zones shall encourage foreign citizens, overseas Chinese,
compatriots from Hongkong and Macao and their companies and enterprises
(hereinafter referred to as "investors") to open factories and set up
enterprises and other establishments with their own investment or in joint
ventures with our side, and shall protect their assets, the profits due
them and their other lawful rights and interests in accordance with the
law.
Article 2
Enterprises and individuals in the special zones must abide by the laws,
decrees and pertinent provisions of the People's Republic of China. Where
there are specific provisions in these Regulations, they shall be observed
accordingly.
Article 3
A Guangdong Provincial Committee for the Administration of Special
Economic Zones shall be set up to exercise unified administration of the
special zones on behalf of the Guangdong Provincial People's Government.
Article 4
The special zones shall provide investors with a wide scope of operation,
create favourable operating conditions and guarantee them stable business
sites. Investors may establish, with their own investment or in joint
ventures with our side, all projects that have positive significance for
international economic cooperation and technical exchanges, including
industry, agriculture, animal husbandry, aquaculture, tourism, housing and
construction, and research and manufacture involving high technology, as
well as other businesses of common interest to investors and to our side.
Article 5
Land-levelling projects and various public works in the special zones such
as water supply, drainage, power supply, roads, wharves, communications
and warehouses shall be undertaken by the Guangdong Provincial Committee
for the Administration of Special Economic Zones. When necessary, foreign
investment may be used in building these projects.
Article 6
Each of the special zones shall invite Chinese and foreign specialists and
relevant personages who are enthusiastic about China's modernization
programme to form an advisory committee that will serve as a consultative
body for that special zone.

Chapter II Registration and Operation
Article 7
Investors wishing to open factories or set up various economic
undertakings in the special zones with their own investment shall apply to
the Guangdong Provincial Committee for the Administration of Special
Economic Zones, which shall issue them registration certificates and land
use certificates after examination and approval.
Article 8
Investors may open accounts and conduct their foreign exchange
transactions with the Bank of China established in the special zones or
with other banks established there with the approval of the Chinese side.
Investors may take out various kinds of insurance policies at the People's
Insurance Company of China in the special zones or at other insurance
companies established there with the approval of the Chinese side.
Article 9
Products of the enterprises in the special zones shall be sold on the
international market. If their products are to be sold in the interior of
China, they must have the approval of the Guangdong Provincial Committee
for the Administration of Special Economic Zones and go through the
procedures for paying customs duties.
Article 10
Investors may operate their enterprises independently in the special zones
and employ foreign personnel for technical and managerial work.
Article 11
If an enterprise established by an investor in the special zones wishes to
terminate operations before its scheduled expiration, it shall report the
reasons to the Guangdong Provincial Committee for the Administration of
Special Economic Zones, go through termination procedures and settle
claims and debts. After termination of operations, its assets may be
assigned and its funds may be remitted out of China.

Chapter III Preferential Treatment
Article 12
Land in the special zones is owned by the People's Republic of China. The
land to be used by investors shall be provided according to actual needs,
and preferential treatment shall be given with respect to the duration of
its use, the amount of the use fee and the method of payment according to
the different types of business and uses. Provisions for specific
measures shall be made separately.
Article 13
The machinery and equipment, spare parts, raw and semi-processed
materials, means of transportation and other capital goods necessary for
production that are imported by enterprises in the special zones shall be
exempted from import duties. The necessary consumer goods may either be
subjected to import duties or allowed a reduction or exemption therefrom,
depending on the specific situation of each case. When the above-mentioned
goods are imported or products of the special zones are exported, a
customs declaration shall be filed.
Article 14
The enterprise income tax rate in the special zones is 15 percent. Special
preferential treatment shall be given to enterprises established within
two years of the promulgation of these Regulations, to enterprises with an
investment US$ 5 million or more, and to enterprises involving higher
technology or having a longer period of capital turnover.
Article 15
The lawful profit that an investor receives after payment of the
enterprise income tax, and the wages and salaries and other legitimate
earnings that foreign, overseas Chinese and Hongkong and Macao workers and
staff members of an enterprise in the special zones receive after payment
of the individual income tax, may be remitted abroad through the Bank of
China or other banks in the special zones, in accordance with the
provisions of the foreign exchange control measures of the special zones.
Article 16
An investor that reinvests its share of the profit in the special zones
for a period of five years or longer may apply for a reduction of or an
exemption from income tax on the reinvested portion.
Article 17
Enterprises in the special zones shall be encouraged to use machinery and
equipment, raw and semi-processed materials and other materials produced
in China, and preferential prices shall be offered on the basis of China's
current export prices for the same kinds of commodities, using foreign
exchange to settle accounts. These products and materials may be shipped
directly to the special zones with the sales vouchers of the selling
units.
Article 18
Entry and exit procedures shall be simplified and conveniences given to
the foreign personnel, overseas Chinese and compatriots from Hongkong and
Macao entering and leaving the special zones.

Chapter IV Labour Management
Article 19
A labour service company shall be set up in each of the special zones.
Chinese staff members and workers to be employed by enterprises in the
special zones, whether they are recommended by the local labour service
companies or recruited by the investors themselves with the consent of the
Guangdong Provincial Committee for the Administration of Special Economic
Zones, shall all be tested by the enterprises before employment and labour
contracts shall be signed with the staff members and workers.
Article 20
The staff members and workers employed by enterprises in the special zones
shall be managed by the enterprises according to their business
requirements and, when necessary, may be dismissed, after going through
the procedures provided in the labour contracts. Staff members and
workers of the enterprises in the special zones may submit their
resignations to the enterprises in accordance with the provisions of the
labour contracts.
Article 21
The wage levels, types of wages, award measures and the labour insurance
and various state subsidies for the Chinese staff members and workers of
the enterprises in the special zones shall be included in the contracts
signed by the enterprises with the staff members and workers as stipulated
by the Guangdong Provincial Committee for the Administration of Special
Economic Zones.
Article 22
Enterprises in the special zones shall adopt the necessary measures for
labour protection to ensure that staff members and workers work in safe
and hygienic conditions.

Chapter V Administrative Organization
Article 23
The Guangdong Provincial Committee for the Administration of Special
Economic Zones shall exercise the following functions and powers:
(1) to draw up development plans for the special zones and organize their
implementation;
(2) to examine and approve the investment projects of investors in the
special zones;
(3) to handle registration of industrial and commercial enterprises and
land allotment in the special zones;
(4) to coordinate working relations among the banking, insurance,
taxation, Customs, frontier inspection, postal and telecommunications and
other organizations in the special zones;
(5) to provide the staff members and workers needed by enterprises in the
special zones and protect the legitimate rights and interests of the staff
members and workers;
(6) to establish educational, cultural, health and various public welfare
institutions in the special zones; and
(7) to maintain law and order in the special zones and protect, in
accordance with the law, the persons and property in the special zones
against encroachment.
Article 24
The Shenzhen Special Zone shall be under the direct management and
administration of the Guangdong Provincial Committee for the
Administration of Special Economic Zones. Necessary offices shall be set
up in the Zhuhai and Shantou Special Zones.
Article 25
A Guangdong Provincial Special Economic Zones Development Company shall be
set up to suit the expanding economic activities in the special zones. Its
scope of business shall include: undertaking to raise funds and handle
trust investment business; operating, or jointing with investors in
operating, relevant enterprises in the special zones; acting as agent for
investors in the special zones in transactions relating to sales and
purchases in trade with the interior; and providing services for business
talks.

Chapter VI Supplementary Provisions
Article 26
These Regulations shall go into effect after they have been adopted by the
People's Congress of Guangdong Province and submitted to and approved by
the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress of the People's
Republic of China.



Important Notice:
This English document is coming from "LAWS AND REGULATIONS OF THE
PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA GOVERNING FOREIGN-RELATED MATTERS" (1991.7)
which is compiled by the Brueau of Legislative Affairs of the State
Council of the People's Republic of China, and is published by the China
Legal System Publishing House.
In case of discrepancy, the original version in Chinese shall prevail.